Influence of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the atrazine biodegradation from contaminated waters in submerged fermentation by free and immobilized Penicillium chrysogenum NRRL 807

Sinara Cybelle Turíbio e Silva-Nicodemo; Pedro Ferreira de Souza Filho; Marina Moura Lima; Everaldo Silvino dos Santos; Gorete Ribeiro de Macêdo

doi:10.5327/Z2176-94781905

Authors

Sinara Cybelle Turíbio e Silva-Nicodemo Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) - Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8368-5575
Pedro Ferreira de Souza Filho Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) - Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1711-7294
Marina Moura Lima SUEZ Industrial Waste Specialties - France https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7367-4901
Everaldo Silvino dos Santos Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) - Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7384-1140
Gorete Ribeiro de Macêdo Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) - Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1297-6647

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94781905

Keywords:

pesticides; fungus degradation; exogenous nitrogen; biofilms; bioremediation technology.

Abstract

Atrazine is a pesticide commonly used in agriculture and is recognized as a potent endocrine disruptor. Due to its high recalcitrance, its residues have been found in drinking water sources throughout Brazil and the world. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the C/N ratio on the potential of the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum NRRL 807 to degrade atrazine from contaminated waters in submerged fermentation. Moreover, the free and immobilized forms of the fungus were compared. The fungus grown in suspended culture (free form) was able to degrade 40.08±5.71% of the atrazine present in the medium after 5 days, while the immobilized form (biofilm) degraded 48.31±1.53% in the same incubation time. Notably, atrazine was used as a carbon source, and degradation was led by the enzyme complex of the cytochrome P450. The amount of exogenous nitrogen was determined to interfere with the biodegradation efficiency, diverting the metabolism to the path of spore germination when nitrogen was present in high concentrations. Based on these results, P. chrysogenum both in its free form and when immobilized in biofilms can be used as bioremediation technologies for treating water contaminated by atrazine.

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